Topology Optimization (SIMP/MMA) for a natural convection heat sink - NOT tree-like structure

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Hi,

I'm working on a 2D topology optimization for a natural convection heat sink in COMSOL using the SIMP method and MMA solver, but I've run into some issues and would appreciate your advice.

Model setup is as follows:

Domain: A non-design base block at the bottom and a topology optimization (TO) domain on top.

A constant temperature is placed in the middle of the bottom boundary.

Steady-state heat transfer.

Natural convection on the outer boundaries (constant heat transfer coefficient, h).

The reduced-order material conductivity for (TO) domain:

k_simp = k_air+(k_solid-k_air)*dtopo1.theta^3 (psimp =3)

Expected result was a tree-like structure, but the simulated result looks a dis-continuous area (see attached image)

  1. How to get continuous material?

  2. How to get the tree-like structure?



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